Electoral geography as a trend of political geography aims to study spatial patterns of distribution of power in the form of mutual relations, geography of space, elections and power. Despite the fact that women comprise half of the population and account for the majority of graduates of higher education, their political participation is not much. This paper is a descriptive study using library resources aiming to answer the question: What are the geographical features of the representation of women in PARLIAMENT (with emphasis on the tenth PARLIAMENT) ? The obtained results and findings indicate that such factors as general political orientation of the society, population, the scope, history of women representatives in the district, the central or peripheral aspect of geographical distribution of the representation of women in the allegedly reformist, conservative and independent political currents are effective in ten PARLIAMENTary elections. The current study suggests that taking these factors into account by the political parties and groups, especially women's organizations in this field, as well as the Ministry of Interior to increase political participation and more effective presence of women at the highest levels of society, politics and of course power is essential.

The Islamic Consultative Assembly is the main legislative, and policy-making body, and considered the most important body supervising laws in the Islamic Republic of IRAN. Inefficiencies and the adoption of conflicting and inappropriate laws in the country's legislative system show that many factors involved in legislation remain hidden from the eyes of the public and experts. Creating transparency in the Islamic Consultative Assembly will increase people's control over the performance of their representatives, hold them accountable, reduce corruption, and consequently, increase the efficiency of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Also, the lack of a comprehensive measure to assess the multidimensional transparency of IRAN's PARLIAMENT has led to a narrow recognition of the issue. This study aims to identify the criteria for assessing the transparency of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. By reviewing global experiences and collecting the components of PARLIAMENTary transparency, a comprehensive framework was designed and provided to a focus group with twelve experts. For articulating the findings and completing the assessment framework, seven other experts were interviewed. After analyzing the interviews using content analysis methodology, the final framework for assessing the transparency of the Islamic Consultative Assembly with 12 dimensions and 108 components was obtained. Transparency in MP's performance, MP's conflicts of interest, committees, PARLIAMENTary groups, plenary sessions, bills, lobbying, PARLIAMENTary administration, PARLIAMENTary elections, PARLIAMENTary institutions, citizen participation, and quality of PARLIAMENTary data are the main dimensions of the final framework designed to assess the transparency of the PARLIAMENT.

The aim of this study Identify strategies of the empowerment for IRAN PARLIAMENT members. The aim is to answer to this question that: How to improve and promote delegates' abilities? For data collection, deep interviews with 24 members of the experts (9 experienced representative, 11 experienced managing of representative offices in the PARLIAMENT and 4 scientific Chartered) have been done. Information obtained from qualitative research methods of data analysis tools. Themes to the results of the analysis process identified three main strategies, including: delegate's Personal empowerment, Structural and organizational empowerment and social empowerment. And for each of the strategies, in terms of analyzing the contents of the interview, has a set of solutions tabloid which can be used as a plan of action to increase the capabilities of delegates.

16th the National Consultative Assembly (1328-1330 A.H) was one of the important and dynamic PARLIAMENTs in second Pahlavi period and was more important and susceptible than other PARLIAMENTs of that period. This PARLIAMENT was formed when Saed government, which was supported by England and Pahlavi court, tried to approve the oil supplementary treaty (Gess-Golshaian) in PARLIAMENT. The way for nationalization of IRAN oil industry was prepared after oil commission defeated the mentioned treaty. By nationalization of oil and appearance of Mosaddegh government; 16th PARLIAMENT became more important and played an efficient role in political changes of that period. In the present writing, it is dealt with the study of 16th PARLIAMENT elections, political-social personality of representatives, main and influential approved laws of PARLIAMENT, and the relations between PARLIAMENT and Mosaddegh government.

Political system is a crucial variable which creates impression on public policies and makes them different from one country to another. The majority of existing studies regarding participant actors in policy making process are those which have been carried out in western democratic systems. IRAN has an Islamic democratic system which differs from the western type. The purpose of the current investigation is identifying the unofficial actors who are impressive on this country’, s members of PARLIAMENT. To do this, we have utilized a quantitative and qualitative investigation method. Firstly, we analyzed the PARLIAMENT’, s minutes in the time span between Farvardin, 1395 to Farvardin, 1397 and the TV program, Nation’, s House, broadcast from Farvardin, 1396 to Farvardin, 1397. Secondly, 6 PARLIAMENTary individuals (MPs and a clerk) were interviewed and their statements were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. This study demonstrated that in a religious democratic system, the same as in western democratic ones, the private sector and appointed agents are the unofficial crucial actors of policy approval. But in the IRANian religious democracy, contrary to the western type, other actors like citizens, academics and military officials also put their impact on policy making. The identification of the differences and similarities between religious democratic systems and other democratic systems is strongly vital and it can provide assistance for better understanding of democracies.

JCPOA is a milestone in the nuclear diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of IRAN, which has played a major role in policymaking and implementing institutions and organizations in shaping it. One of these decision-making bodies of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, especially the ninth and tenth assemblies. So, the main question to be asked is that what role the 9th and 10th PARLIAMENTs have played in the process of IRAN's nuclear diplomacy, especially in the JCPOA agreement? The research findings based on theoretical models of decision making in the field of foreign policy show that the positions and decisions of the PARLIAMENT in nuclear diplomacy are based on the outsourcing of decisions of other institutions and organizations such as the Supreme National Security Council, Guardian Council, The Judiciary has been the executive branch. Based on the "limited rationality" of the PARLIAMENT, the law enforced the government's obligation to maintain the nuclear and legal achievements of the IRANian people, the government's plan of appropriate and mutually beneficial action, the establishment of a special commission for the presentation of the six-month reports of the National Security and Foreign Policy Commission and approval Four bills called the AFTF.

Bombing PARLIAMENT caused multiple unrests in and out of the country against Mohammad Ali shah in such extent that the general status of state and the legitimacy of administration became instable and weak by the liberals. Shah’s total disagreement to make a repeated unpleasant experience called National PARLIAMENT, lead to the establishment of “Governmental PARLIAMENT” instead, in which relied upon certain classes. The question now is what was the Governmental PARLIAMENT? Why was it established? What role it played and what social classes contributed in that PARLIAMENT. Applying analytical approach this research approves that the Governmental PARLIAMENT was a significant solution to get out of the crisis at Minor Tyranny time. The research also considers the advocates’ opinions as well as the PARLIAMENT’s best and worst achievements. Findings show that Mohammad Ali Shah manipulating religion and targeting to destroy constitutional revolution established such a ceremonial appointed PARLIAMENT to rule over the country just like his grandfather, Nasir-al-din-Shah. However, Mohammad Ali Shah’s desperate attempt failed by constitutionalists’ resistance which led to his fall from throne.

ObjectiveOpen policy making represents an innovative and modern approach for governments to create and deliver policies that are effectively aligned with the rapid changes and evolving demands of a fast-paced, digital world. This approach is emerging as a vital and progressive methodology in the field of government administration, particularly in the era of information technology and global connectivity. The anticipated outcomes of adopting open policy making are manifold. They include achieving more optimal policy adoption through collaborative efforts, garnering robust stakeholder support for the implementation of desired policies, enhancing access to critical data for both elites and the general public, significantly increasing public participation in the policy-making process, and substantially boosting public trust in governing institutions, such as the Shura Council. Within this framework, the current research is specifically focused on developing a comprehensive open policy framework tailored for the PARLIAMENT of IRAN, aiming to modernize and improve its policy-making processesMethodsThis research is grounded in the interpretative paradigm of the philosophical foundations of research and is applied in nature. It utilizes a mixed-methods approach for data collection. The target population encompasses all scientific experts in public policy (including faculty members of universities and research institutions with expertise in decision-making and public policy) and executive experts (including current and former members of the PARLIAMENT). Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews, library research, and literature review for the qualitative part, and questionnaires for the quantitative part. Using snowball sampling, 22 exploratory and in-depth interviews were conducted with scientific and executive public policy experts. In the quantitative phase, 44 individuals were selected through stratified probability sampling. Grounded theory and Maxqda10 software were used for data analysis in the qualitative part, while the structural equation modeling approach was applied in the quantitative part.ResultsData analysis identified the general dimensions and preconditions of the open policy model, along with the components and elements constituting its main dimensions, including understanding the problem, developing solutions, compiling, and evaluating. Quantitative findings demonstrate the positive and significant effect of transparency, a key dimension of open policy, on problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. Similarly, public participation significantly impacts problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. The results also highlight the direct and meaningful impact of cooperation, another general dimension of open policy, on these aspects. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that understanding the problem positively and significantly affects solution development, which in turn influences formulation and evaluation.ConclusionGiven the fundamental principles of transparency, participation, and cooperation, the implementation of the open policy model is essential and highly beneficial for strengthening the overall performance of the PARLIAMENT. By embracing this model, the PARLIAMENT can significantly enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in fulfilling its legal roles, while also fostering a more inclusive and collaborative approach in its governance. This adoption not only aids in decision-making processes but also ensures greater accountability and public engagement.

Policy-making is in practice a systematic activity that involves a set of decisions, plans, and practices. Shortages, contradictions or weakness in laws in responding to social issues often leads policymakers to formulate or reform social policies in the form of bills / plans. Policy-making is in practice a discipline that involves a set of decisions, plans, and practices. Legal vacuum, conflict or legal impediment in responding to social issues often leads policymakers to formulate or reform social policies in the form of bills / plans. In this context. Time duration (between becoming problematic and reaction to) is important. Extending this gap can exacerbate the problem or even cause a new issue/ issues, so that the embedded policy measures do not work in the past.Asking a question about the "state of time" in the reality of social policy (focusing on plans / bills) required the present study.To examine the issue empirically and provide appropriate evidence on the research subject; the method of analyzing documents and mixed of qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied. Sampling method was purposeful. The plans and bills related to social policy in 8th and 9th PARLIAMENTs, and documents that have information about the date and outcome of their review (from the beginning to the notification).The results show that the average time between receipt and approval of plans and bills (irrespective of residual or deregulated items) has been around 22 to 25 months Which the most bureaucratic bills have been in the area of justice and the most time-consuming one has not been acted yet from around 12 years ago. Also the research data does not show a logical and meaningful relationship between proximity to election time and the rejection or approval of plans and bills in the policy domain. Besides that the patterns of approvals are not endorsed separately from the various years of life of each PARLIAMENT.Generally, the problem of social phenomena in the legislature has not been dominant in PARLIAMENT and the patterns of approvals are not endorsed separately from the various years of life of each PARLIAMENT. Finally the findings indicate that the process of social policy through the PARLIAMENT is very time consuming; on the other hand, it generally does not follow a timely response to social problems.Hence from this perspective, it seems that the social policy process in the PARLIAMENT needs to be reviewed and improved.